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As Ndebele moved into Transvaal, the remnants of the Bavenda retreated north to the Waterberg and Zoutpansberg, while Mzilikazi made his chief kraal north of the Magaliesberg mountains near present day Pretoria, with an important military outpost to guard trade routes to the north at Mosega, not far from the site of the modern town of Zeerust. In the Transvaal, the Mfecane severely weakened and disrupted the towns and villages of the Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms, their political systems and economies, making them very weak, and easy to colonize by the European settlers who would shortly arrive from the south.
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He called his new nation Mthwakazi (which the British later called Matabeleland), a name derived from the original settlers the San people called aba Thwa (The Ndebele called themselves Matabele, but because of linguistic differences, were called Ndebele by the local Sotho-Tswana.) Mzilikazi's invasion of the Transvaal was one part of a vast series of inter-related wars, forced migrations and famines that indigenous people and later historians came to call the Mfecane. Many of the Shona people were incorporated and the rest were either made satellite territories who paid taxes to the Ndebele Kingdom. After a brief alliance with the Transvaal Ndebele, Mzilikazi became leader of the Ndebele people. In 1817, the Southern Shona regions were invaded by Mzilikazi, originally a lieutenant of Zulu King Shaka who was pushed from his own territories to the west by the Zulu armies. The Mfecane also led to the formation and consolidation of other groups - such as the Ndebele Kingdom, the Mfengu and the Makololo - and the creation of states such as the modern Lesotho. It describes a period of widespread chaos and disturbance in southern Africa during the period between 1815 and about 1835 which resulted from the rise to power of Shaka, the Zulu king and military leader who conquered the Nguni peoples between the Tugela and Pongola rivers in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and created a militaristic kingdom in the region. Mfecane Main article: Mfecane Mfecane (Zulu), also known as the Difaqane or Lifaqane (Sesotho), is an African expression which means something like "the crushing" or "scattering". Remnants of the government established another Mutapa kingdom in Mozambique sometimes called Karanga, who reigned in the region until 1902. The empire finally collapsed in 1629 and never recovered. The states were also torn apart by rival factions and trade in gold was gradually replaced by a trade in slaves. The Portuguese began their attempts to subdue the Shona states as early as 1505 but were confined to the coast until 1513. This empire ruled territory now falling within the modern states of Zimbabwe (which took its name from this city) and Mozambique, but the empire was split by the end of the 15th century with southern part becoming the Urozwi Empire. By the 15th century, the Shona had established a strong empire, known as the Munhumutapa Empire (also called Monomotapa or Mwene Mutapa Empire), with its capital at the ancient city of Zimbabwe - Great Zimbabwe. This group gave rise to the maShona and the waRozwi tribes, and probably also gave rise to the Lemba people through a merger with descent from the ancient Jews who arrived in this region via Sena in Yemen. Shona invasion Around the 10th and 11th centuries the Bantu-speaking Shona (Gokomere, Sotho-Tswana and related tribes) arrived from the north and the both the San and the early ironworkers were driven out. Little is known of the early ironworkers, but it is believed that they put pressure on the San and gradually took over the land. There are also remnants of several ironworking cultures dating back to AD 300. The San People and invasion by ironworking cultures Stone Age evidence indicates that the San people, now living mostly in the Kalahari Desert, are the descendants of this region’s original inhabitants, almost 100 000 years ago. It covers invasions of native peoples of Africa (Shona and Ndebele), colonization by Europeans (Portuguese, Boer and British people), and civil wars.
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Military history of Zimbabwe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The military history of Zimbabwe chronicles a vast time period and complex events from the dawn of history until the present time.